PAM. 
t.  AM  Ell. 


MEXICO 


AND 

GUATEMALA 


QUESTIONS  AND  ANSWERS 

FOR 

Mission  Circles  and  Bands. 


PRICE.  FIVE  CENTS. 


1894. 

PHILADELPHIA  : 

WOMAN’S  FOREIGN  MISSIONARY  SOCIETY 
OF  THE  PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH. 

No.  1334  Chestnut  Street. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2018  with  funding  from 
Columbia  University  Libraries 


https://archive.org/details/mexicoguatemalaqOOwoma 


MEXICO 


AND 

GUATEMALA. 


QUESTIONS  AND  ANSWERS 

FOP. 


Mission  Circles  and  Bands. 


PRICE,  FIVE  CENTS. 


1894. 

PHILADELPHIA  : 

WOMAN’S  FOREIGN  MISSIONARY  SOCIETY 
OF  THE  PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH, 

No.  1334  Chestnut  Stp.eet. 


MEXICO 


1.  Where  is  Mexico  ? 

The  Republic  of  Mexico  is  directly  south  of 
the  United  States  and  is  often  called  Our  Next 
Door  Neighbor. 

2.  How  large  is  the  country  ? 

About  760,000  square  miles,  or  less  than  the 
area  of  the  United  States  east  of  the  Mississippi 
River. 

3.  What  is  the  population  ? 

There  are  about  11,600,000  people  in  Mexico. 
About  half  of  these  are  descended  from  the  an¬ 
cient  Aztecs.  The  others  are  Spanish  or  of 
mixed  blood. 

4.  What  is  the  capital  of  Mexico  ? 

The  city  of  Mexico,  founded  by  the  ancient 
Aztecs  in  1335,  and  called  after  their  war  God 
Mexitle.  It  has  a  population  of  330,000. 

5.  How  wa9  its  situation  chosen '? 

Old  legends  say  that  the  Aztecs  watched  the 
flight  of  an  eagle  and  built  their  city  where  he 


4 


alighted.  This  is  kept  in  mind  by  the  Mexican 
coat  of  arms,  an  eagle  perched  on  a  cactus  hold¬ 
ing  a  serpent  in  his  talons. 

6.  Describe  its  situation. 

The  city  stands  in  the  valley  of  Mexico,  7470 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Over  this  valley, 
forty -fiv'e  miles  long  by  thirty  broad,  are  scat¬ 
tered  rich  meadows,  gardens  and  picturesque 
villas,  chapels  and  liamlets.  It  contains  six 
large  lakes,  and. is  encircled  by  high  mountains, 
some  of  them  covered  with  forests,  others  with 
snow.  Above  these  rise  the  majestic  Popoca¬ 
tepetl,  17,308  feet  above  the  sea,  and  Iztaccihuatl, 
“the  white  woman,”  with  her  spotless  robe  of 
snow. 

Although  twenty  to  forty  miles  distant  from 
the  city,  these  mountains,  seen  through  the  rare 
atmosphere,  appear  close  at  hand  and  of  an 
indescribable  softness  of  tint,  while  the  snow 
upon  the  volcanoes  shines  with  brilliant  white¬ 
ness  against  the  dark  blue  of  the  sky. 

7.  How  do  travelers  generally  go  to  Mexico  ? 

They  go  by  the  Mexican  Central  Railroad 

from  El  Paso,  on  the  boundary,  to  the  City  of 
Mexico.  The  time  from  New  York  to  Mexico 
City  is  now  only  six  days. 

8.  What  is  the  climate  of  Mexico? 

The  climate  and  productions  of  Mexico  depend 
much  upon  elevation.  Though  Mexico  extends 


5 


into  the  Torrid  Zone,  at  least  three-fifths  of  the 
country  have  a  temperate  climate.  A  narrow 
strip  of  land  bordering  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
and  a  corresponding  one  along  the  Pacific,  are 
called  the  “tierra  caliente”  or  hot  region,  having 
a  tropical  temperature. 

Next  to  this  is  the  “  tierra  templada,”  or  tem¬ 
perate  region,  reaching  an  elevation  of  4000  feet. 
Here  the  air  is  pure  and  bracing,  and  the  tem¬ 
perature  resembles  that  of  Southern  Europe. 

Above  this  rises  the  "tierra  fria,”  or  cold 
region,  attaining  an  elevation  of  8856  feet,  and 
a  temperature  of  45°  to  67°  F. 

9.  How  are  the  seasons  divided? 

There  are  only  two  seasons,  the  “rainy  sea¬ 
son,”  beginning  about  May,  and  lasting  three 
or  four  months,  and  the  “dry  season,”  compris¬ 
ing  the  remainder  of  the  year. 

10.  What  of  the  natural  wealth  of  Mexico? 

Humboldt  said,  “This  vast  empire,  under 

careful  cultivation,  would  alone  produce  all  that 
commerce  collects  together  from  the  rest  of  the 
globe.”  It  is  very  rich  in  mineral,  as  in  pre¬ 
cious  stones  and  exquisite  marbles,  and  the  soil 
is  known  as  the  most  fertile  in  the  world. 

11.  Name  some  of  the  vegetable  products  of 
Mexico  ? 

Sugar-cane,  coffee,  cocoa,  tobacco,  rice,  cotton, 
vanilla,  an  endless  variety  of  fruits,  and  splendid 


6 


\ 


forests  of  many  woods  abound  in  the  “  tierra 
caliente.”  In  the  colder  regions  we  find  wheat 
of  the  finest  quality,  and  other  grains,  frijol  or 
bean  (which  is  as  much  a  national  dish  with 
the  Mexicans  as  the  potato  is  with  the  Irish),  the 
prickly-pear,  and  the  remarkable  “ maguey  ”  or 
Century  plant. 

12.  Describe  the  maguey  and  its  uses. 

It  is  a  sheaf  of  immense  sword-shaped  leaves, 
often  more  than  twelve  feet  in  length.  From  it 
are  made  rope,  paper,  thatch,  fuel  and  even 
wearing  and  sewing  materials  ;  also,  the  great 
beverage  of  the  country  called  pulque. 

13.  How  is  the  pulque  produced? 

When  the  maguey  plant  is  eight  or  ten  years 
old,  and  about  to  bloom  for  the  first  time,  the 
central  stem  is  cut  out,  leaving  a  cavity  which 
fills  up  rapidly  with  the  sap  which  otherwise 
would  have  nourished  the  flower.  Daily  for  three 
or  four  months,  the  juice  is  removed,  and  after 
producing  about  one  hundred  and  twenty  gal¬ 
lons,  the  plant  dies. 

In  a  few  days  after  being  drawn  the  juice  fer¬ 
ments  and  becomes  pulque,  which  has  about  the 
strength  of  cider. 

14.  What  other  use  is  made  of  pulque  ? 

From  it  is  distilled  mescal,  which  is  a  strongly 
alcoholic  liquor,  nearly  as  stimulating  as 
whisky.  Outside  of  the  valley  of  Mexico,  where 


pulque  is  preferred,  mezcal  is  the  drink  which 
causes  the  greatest  amount  of  intoxication. 

15.  Name  some  of  the  fruits. 

Besides  oranges,  hanauas  and  pineapples, 
there  are  many  choice  fruits,  such  as  the  mango, 
chirimolla,  aguacate,  guava,  tuna,  the  fruit  of 
the  cactus  (of  which  there  are  many  delicious 
varieties),  and  many  others.  The  peach,  vine 
and  olive  are  also  cultivated. 

16.  Mention  some  of  the  animals  of  Mexico. 

The  hear,  wolf,  coyote,  bison,  squirrel  and 

many  other  animals,  with  the  reptiles,  birds  and 
wild  fowl  common  in  our  own  country.  Besides 
these  there  are  monkeys,  pumas,  jaguars,  alli¬ 
gators,  boas,  and  many  brilliantly  colored  parrots, 
trogons  and  humming  birds.  The  plumage  ot 
these  birds  supplies  material  for  the  feather 
work,  a  Mexican  industry  from  earliest  times. 

17.  What  are  the  domestic  animals  of  Mexico  ? 

Cattle,  horses,  asses  and  mules  are  raised  in 

great  numbers.  The  two  last  mentioned  have 
heretofore  been  the  chief  dependence  for  trans¬ 
portation. 

The  horses,  originally  of  Arab  blood,  are  small 
but  well  shaped  and  noted  for  speed,  endurance 
and  easy  pace. 

18.  Describe  the  appearance  of  the  Mexicans  ? 

They  are  of  average  height,  wTell  formed  and 


8 


very  strong ;  witli  black  eyes  and  hair,  fine 
white  teeth  and  skin  of  an  olive  tint.  Deformity 
of  any  kind  is  rarely  found  among  them,  and 
many  of  the  young  women  are  very  pretty. 

The  women  of  the  higher  classes  are  very 
winning  and  have  much  native  grace,  dignity 
and  sweetness  of  manner. 

19.  Describe  the  Mexicans  as  a  people. 

The  natives,  though  called  Indians,  are  very 
different  from  the  American  Indians.  The 
Mexicans  were  highly  civilized  before  America 
was  discovered.  Many  fine  buildings,  ancient 
sculpture  and  paintings  show  that  they  were  a 
hard-working  and  prosperous  people.  After 
long  years  of  oppression  and  cruelty  they  are 
miserably  poor,  but  they  are  a  gentle,  indus¬ 
trious  race.  Patriots,  leaders  and  reformers 
have  risen  from  among  them,  showing  that  there 
is  still  much  that  is  worthy  and  noble  in  the 
race. 

20.  Do  we  know  much  about  the  ancient 
Mexicans  ? 

Yes,  the  priests  were  skilled  in  picture  writ¬ 
ing  and  interesting  records  of  their  customs, 
science  and  history  have  come  down  to  us. 

21.  Give  an  example  of  these  records  by  tell¬ 
ing  about  their  schools. 

These  were  large  buildings  attached  to  the 
temples.  Here  very  little  boys  and  girls  were 


9 


taught  by  the  priests  to  sweep  the  temple  aud 
keep  the  sacred  fires  burning.  As  they  grew 
older  those  fit  for  a  soldier’s  life  were  trained  to 
use  arms.  Children  of  mechanics  were  taught 
the  trades  of  their  fathers.  The  sons  of  nobles 
were  trained  in  picture  writing,  law,  and  all  the 
learning  of  the  priests. 

22.  By  whom  were  the  Mexicans  conquered? 

By  the  Spaniards  under  Cortez  in  1519. 

23.  What  can  you  tell  of  the  Spanish  rule  in 
Mexico  ? 

For  three  hundred  years  from  the  time  of  the 
Conquest,  Mexico  was  ruled  by  sixty-three 
Spanish  vice-roys,  and  the  government  was  one 
of  injustice,  oppression  and  crime.  All  trade 
with  foreigners  was  forbidden  on  pain  of  death, 
all  imports  restricted  to  Spanish  vessels,  and  the 
colonies  were  forbidden  to  produce  any  article 
supplied  by  the  mother  country.  Taxes,  duties 
and  tithes  were  levied  with  fearful  severity  and 
every  individual  forced  under  penalty  to  buy 
annually  a  number  of  Papal  indulgences.  The 
Roman  Catholic  Religion  and  the  Inquisition 
with  all  its  terrors  were  established,  and  the  ex¬ 
ercise  of  any  other  religion  absolutely  prohibited 
by  law. 

24.  When  and  by  whom  was  raised  the  first 
cry  of  independence? 


10 


In  1810,  by  Hidalgo,  a  country  curate  of  pure 
Indian  blood.  He  became  the  first  martyr  of 
his  country’s  liberty.  The  independence  of 
Mexico  was  not  accomplished  until  1821,  and 
soon  afterwards  a  Republican  form  of  govern¬ 
ment  upon  the  model  of  that  of  the  United  States 
was  adopted. 

25.  What  was  the  condition  of  the  country  for 
the  next  thirty  years? 

One  of  constant  and  bloody  conflict  between 
the  Church  party  and  the  Liberal  party.  The 
priesthood  of  Mexico,  always  exempt  from  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  courts  of  law,  levied  heavy 
contributions  upon  the  people,  under  the  title  of 
parochial  dues  for  baptism,  marriage,  interment, 
dispensations,  etc.,  etc.,  by  which  means  they 
acquired  enormous  wealth.  From  their  posses¬ 
sions,  which  amounted  to  three-fourths  of  the 
property  of  the  country,  they  received  a  yearly 
income  of  at  least  $20,000,000. 

26.  What  did  the  Church  party  fight  foi  ? 

They  fought  for  the  restoration  of  the  mon¬ 
archy,  the  maintenance  of  their  peculiar  preroga¬ 
tives,  the  possession  of  church  property,  the  re¬ 
establishment  of  former  exactions  and  the  con¬ 
tinuance  of  the  Roman  Catholic  as  the  sole  reli¬ 
gion  of  Mexico.  In  this  struggle  they  were  aided 
by  the  army. 

27.  What  did  the  Liberal  party  determine  to  do  ? 


11 


To  sacrifice  all  for  the  cause  of  liberty.  They 
fought  with  a  heroism  worthy  of  admiration. 

28.  Who  appeared  in  the  darkest  hour  of  the 
history  of  the  nation  ? 

Benito  Juarez,  “The  Washington  of  his 
country.”  He  was  of  humble  native  parentage. 
After  unremitting  application  to  his  studies  and 
taking  a  course  of  law,  he  became,  in  1856,  the 
leader  of  the  “War  of  the  Reform.”  From  this 
time,  the  struggle  was  sustained  between  the 
Church  on  the  one  side,  with  its  wealth  and 
military  power,  countenanced  by  foreign  na¬ 
tions,  and  on  the  other  the  people,  without 
money,  without  army,  but  inspired  by  patriotism 
and  the  consciousness  of  a  just  cause. 

29.  What  important  changes  took  place? 

Under  the  influence  of  Juarez  and  his  compa¬ 
triots  all  the  orders  of  mendicant  friars  and 
nuns  were  suppressed  ;  all  church  property,  with 
the  exception  of  cathedrals  and  parish  churches, 
confiscated  to  the  State,  and  the  famous  Article 
XV  passed,  “which  established  the  absolute 
freedom  of  all  religious  creeds.”  In  1858  Juarez 
was  recognized  as  President. 

30.  What  further  trial  awaited  the  struggling 
Republic  1 

The  clergy,  impoverished  and  disheartened  by 
the  Liberals’  successes,  looked  for  help  across 


12 


the  sea.  In  1861  began  what  is  known  as  the 
“French  Intervention.”  The  French,  relying 
for  support  on  other  nationalities,  established  an 
Empire,  but  it  was  unsettled  and  short-lived. 
On  the  19tli  of  June,  1867,  the  Emperor  Maxi¬ 
milian  was  executed,  the  French  having  retired 
under  an  ultimatum  from  the  government  of  the 
United  States,  and  Juarez  again  unfurled  the 
dag  of  the  Republic  in  the  National  Capital. 


31.  What  is  now  the  political  organization  of 
Mexico  ? 


The  Republic  of  Mexico  consists  of  twenty- 
seven  States,  two  territories,  and  a  Federal  Dis¬ 
trict.  The  laws  are  made  by  a  Congress  com¬ 
posed  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives. 
The  President’s  term  lasts  four  years,  but  he 
may  be  reelected. 


32.  What  is  the  condition  of  the  government 
at  present  (1894)  ? 

President  Diaz,  whose  term  began  December 
1,  1884,  has  encouraged  the  building  of  railroads 
and  telegraphs.  Persons  of  all  colors  are  ad¬ 
mitted  to  equal  civil  and  political  rights,  and  the 
government  is  upon  the  whole  enlightened  and 
liberal.  The  power  of  Romanism  seems  to  be 
surely  weakening. 


33.  What  is  the  religious  condition  of  Mexico  ? 
Travelers  of  all  nationalities  and  creeds  speak 
-of  it  as  “deplorable  beyond  description.”  The 


13 


Roman  Catholic  Church  of  the  United  States, 
modified  by  the  pressure  of  Protestant  opinion 
and  customs,  can  give  us  no  idea  of  the  religion 
as  it  exists  in  Mexico.  The  religion  of  the 
majority  of  the  people  is  as  distinctly  idolatrous 
as  that  of  Pagan  countries. 

34.  Describe  their  churches. 

Many  of  them  are  fine  old  Spanish  buildings 
possessing  great  riches,  although  since  1860 
much  of  their  wealth  has  been  appropriated  by 
the  State.  The  magnificent  cathedral  in  the 
City  of  Mexico  was  begun  in  1573,  by  order  of 
Philip  II,  of  Spain,  and  occupies  the  site  of  the 
Teocalli,  the  temple  of  the  Aztec  war-god.  At 
the  base  of  one  of  the  towers  stands  the  stone 
calendar  of  the  ancient  Aztecs.  The  high  altar 
is  made  of  silver  and  covered  with  crosses  and 
ornaments  of  pure  gold  ;  it  is  enclosed  by  an  ex¬ 
tensive  balustrade  with  sixty-two  statues  used  as 
candelabra.  Both  the  railing  and  the  figures 
are  made  of  a  compound  of  gold,  silver  and  cop¬ 
per,  more  valuable  than  pure  silver.  The  gor¬ 
geous  vestments  worked  for  the  cathedral  by 
order  of  Queen  Isabella  may  be  seen  to-day  ; 
they  are  of  cloth  of  gold  adorned  with  numerous 
choice  gems.  In  this  city  alone  there  are  forty- 
six  other  churches.  But  the  effect  which  might 
be  produced  by  architectural  beauty  and  wealth, 
is  lost  by  the  introduction  of  ridiculously  incon- 


14 


gruous  articles,  gaudy  ornamentations  and  cheap 
hangings  of  every  description. 

35.  Describe  their  images. 

They  are  very  numerous  and  frequent] y  attired 
in  a  grotesque  and  inappropriate  manner.  The 
Saviour  and  the  Saints  are  represented  in  every 
style  of  raiment,  from  that  worn  by  the  wild 
Indians  to  suits  finished  in  the  most  extravagant 
and  fashionable  patterns — from  mere  rags  to 
velvet  mantles  embroidered  with  gold  and 
jewels.  Offerings  of  thanksgiving  consist  of 
fine  clothes  and  costly  pieces  of  jewelry. 

36.  How  are  these  images  regarded  by  the 
people  ? 

With  superstitious  reverence.  To  doubt  their 
miraculous  power  is  regarded  as  little  less  than 
blasphemy. 

37.  Give  the  story  of  one  of  these  images  ? 

The  Virgin  Mary,  whose  images  are  by  far  the 
most  numerous,  is  called  by  various  names  accord¬ 
ing  to  the  places  where  she  is  said  to  have  ap¬ 
peared.  The  most  famous  is  the  “Virgin  of 
Gaudalupe,”  proclaimed  the  patron  saint  of  Mex¬ 
ico  by  Pope  Clement  VII.  The  Virgin  appeared 
on  two  occasions  to  the  pious  Indian  Juan  Diego 
on  the  barren  mountain  of  Tepeyac.  She  told 
him  that  she  was  to  become  the  patron  saint  of 
the  Mexican  Indians,  and  ordered  him  to  tell 


15 


the  Bishop  that  she  'wished  to  be  worshiped  at 
the  foot  of  that  mountain.  The  Bishop  required 
Juan  to  give  a  token  of  his  mission,  so  the  Vir¬ 
gin  appeared  to  him  the  third  time  and  told  him 
to  ascend  the  mountain,  cut  roses,  and  bring 
them  to  her.  Although  the  mountain  was  per¬ 
fectly  barren,  he  found  the  roses,  and  brought 
them  to  her.  She  threw  them  into  his  “tilma  ” 
or  mantle  and  said,  “  Return  once  more  to  the 
Bishop  and  tell  him  that  these  flowers  are  the 
credentials  of  your  mission.”  “  When  he  found 
himself  in  the  presence  of  the  prelate,  lie  un¬ 
folded  lus  tilma  to  present  the  roses,  wdien  lo  1 
there  appeared  on  the  garment  that-  picture  of 
the  Virgin,  which  now,  after  centuries,  still  ex¬ 
ists  without  having  suffered  the  slightest  injury.” 
The  church  was  built,  and  is  the  most  famous  in 
Mexico.  The  sacred  picture,  in  a  frame  of  pure 
gold,  is  on  the  high  altar,  receiving  the  adora¬ 
tion  of  multitudes.  The  massive  railing  of  solid 
silver  around  the  altar  is  one  of  the  few  treas¬ 
ures  spared  by  the  Liberals.  More  than  one-half 
of  the  women  of  the  country  are  called  ‘‘Gauda- 
lupe,”  and  the  image  is  found  in  every  house. 
On  the  anniversary  of  this  miracle,  a  great  fes¬ 
tival  is  held  and  attended  by  all,  including  the 
archbishop  and  high  officials,  and  orations  are 
made  by  distinguished  men  in  commemoration 
of  the  event. 


16 


38.  Wliat  use  does  the  church  often  make  of 
images  ? 

This  is  best  illustrated  by  another  celebrated 
image,  “The  Virgin  of  Remedios.”  On  the 
morning  after  the  “  no  cite  triste”  (the  “sad 
night”  when  the  Spanish  were  expelled  from 
the  Capital),  one  of  them  found  a  small  doll  in 
a  maguey  plant,  and  proclaimed  it  to  be  a  mirac¬ 
ulous  image  of  the  Virgin,  and  a  token  of  suc¬ 
cess.  Afterwards  a  church  of  great  wealth  was 
built  on  the  spot,  and  the  little  lady,  dressed  in 
satins  embroidered  with  pearls,  emeralds  and 
diamonds,  was  called  the  “Virgin  of  Reme¬ 
dios,”  or  “remedies,”  because  she  appeared  at 
so  critical  an  hour.  To  this  day  she  is  the  pa¬ 
troness  of  all  in  misfortune.  She  is  hired  out  by 
the  day  in  times  of  distress,  often  for  enormous 
sums.  Images  of  less  power  can  be  had  for  less 
money,  and  a  sick  bed  is  not  infrequent^  sur¬ 
rounded  by  a  number  of  them.  At  the  begin¬ 
ning  of  the  disease,  if  the  people  are  poor,  a  cheap 
image  is  hired,  perhaps  for  twenty- five  cents, 
but  as  the  gravity  of  the  case  increases  more 
powerful  saints  must  be  brought  at  anjr  cost. 
During  the  war  of  independence  the  Spanish 
fought  under  the  banner  of  the  Virgin  of  Reme¬ 
dios  and  the  Mexicans  under  that  of  the  Virgin 
of  Gaudalupe. 

39.  What  of  their  religious  ceremonies? 


17 


Tlieir  ceremonies,  like  other  parts  of  their 
religion,  are  made  up  of  fantastic  shows  mingled 
with  relics  of  barbarism.  During  many  of  their 
religious  festivals,  masquerades,  Indian  dances 
and  fireworks  are  permitted.'  •' 

40.  What  of  their  clergy  ? 

For  more  than  three  centuries  they  had  the 
wealth  and  power,  without  opposition  or  inter¬ 
ference.  The  degraded,  wretched  condition  of 
the  natives,  the  errors  and  superstitions  wfiiich 
fill  the  land,  show  what  they  have  done  for  Mex¬ 
ico.  One  of  their  faith  says,  “everywhere 
among  the  priests  are  found  men  who  make  an 
infamous  traffic  of  religion.” 

41.  Describe  how  the  poor  natives  live? 

In  many  parts  of  the  country  they  live  in 
hovels  on  the  bare  ground,  with  only  a  hole  for 
a  door.  Their  clothing  is  coarse  and  scanty, 
their  food  consists  of  the  “  tortilla  ”  with  frijoles 
(beans)  and  chile  (pepper).  The  “tortilla”  is 
the  only  bread  of  the  great  mass  of  the  people  ; 
it  also  serves  as  platter,  and  takes  the  place  of 
spoons  or  forks  among  the  poor.  It  is  made  of 
Indian  corn  softened  by  soaking  in  water  and 
ground  on  the  ‘  ‘  metate  ”  (a  stone),  with  a  long 
roller.  The  dough  is  patted  into  large  thin 
cakes,  which,  when  cooked,  are  sufficiently 
tough  to  serve  for  the  above-mentioned  pur¬ 
poses. 


18 


42.  Describe  the  manners  of  the  Mexicans? 

They  are  noted  for  great  politeness,  even 
among  the  lowest  classes,  and  also  for  hospital¬ 
ity.  Their  manners  are  warm,  cordial  and  affec¬ 
tionate.  On  meeting  they  always  embrace,  and 
in  the  street  the  ladies  salute  gentlemen  by  lift¬ 
ing  the  right  hand,  inclining  the  head  towards 
it  and  gracefully  fluttering  their  fingers. 

48.  Mention  some  of  their  customs  ? 

Smoking  is  universal,  though  among  the 
women  the  habit  is  diminishing.  The  ladies  use 
little  cigarettes,  placed  in  delicate  holders  of  sil¬ 
ver  or  gold.  Music  and  dancing  come  naturally 
to  them.  No  freedom  of  social  intercourse  is 
allowed  to  the  young,  and  courtship  is  carried  on 
under  difficulties. 

44.  What  other  peculiar  customs  can  you 
mention  ? 

The  mournful  tolling  of  the  cathedral  .bell 
announcing  that  the  last  sacrament  is  about  to 
be  administered  to  the  dying.  This  is  often 
done  with  great  pomp.  After  death  the  body  is 
laid  in  an  open  bier  and,  surrounded  with 
flowers  and  lighted  wax  candles,  is  placed  in  the 
entrance  of  the  house  to  be  seen  from  the 
street. 

45.  What  is  the  dress  worn  by  the  lower 
classes  ? 


19 


The  men  wear  a  white  cotton  shirt  and 
trousers,  the  sarape,  a  gay  woven  blanket  with 
a  slit  in  the  centre  for  the  insertion  of  the  head, 
and  a  broad  straw  sombrero  (hat).  A  few  wear 
sandals,  but  the  majority  have  no  shoes  or  stock¬ 
ings  of  any  description.  The  women  dress  in  a 
plain  skirt  with  a  colored  band,  a  short  waist, 
leaving  the  neck  and  arms  bare,  and  the  reboso, 
a  cotton  scarf,  usually  blue  and  white,  about  a 
yard  wide  and  three  yards  long  with  a  wide- 
fringe  at  the  ends.  The  “  reboso  ”  covers  the 
head  and  is  crossed  at  the  lower  part  of  the  face  ; 
it  also  serves  for  carrying  “baby,”  who  is 
strapped  by  it  to  the  mother’s  back. 

46.  What  is  the  national  costume  of  the  upper 
classes? 

At  home  the  European  dress  is  used,  but  for 
riding  the  men  wear  a  short  dark  jacket  em¬ 
broidered  with  yellow,  over  an  embroidered 
shirt,  leather  trousers  adorned  on  the  outer  seam 
with  rows  of  silver  coins,  a  bright  sash  with  a 
revolver,  and  a  large  felt  sombrero  embroidered 
with  silver  thread  and  adorned  with  cord  and 
tassels  of  gold  or  silver.  In  the  street  the  ladies 
wear  the  graceful  mantilla.  The  love  for 
jewelry  pervades  all  classes. 

47.  Describe  the  houses  of  the  better  class  of 
Mexicans. 

They  are  built  of  stone  or  brick,  often  plas- 


20 


tered  and  gaily  frescoed  ;  usually  they  have  only 
two  floors,  but  as  the  ceilings  are  eighteen  to 
twenty  feet  high,  the  effect  is  that  of  three-story 
houses.  All  the  front  windows  have  balconies, 
which  during  festivals  are  tastefully  draped,  and 
at  night  hung  witli  colored  lamps.  A  large 
open  space  in  the  centre  of  the  house,  called  the 
patio,  is  planted  with  trees  and  flowering  plants. 
Into  this  patio  open  the  doors  and  windows  of 
the  various  apartments.  That  flat  paved  roof 
{azotea)  affords  a  pleasant  retreat.  The  upper 
story  is  the  one  used  by  the  family,  the  lower 
being  occupied  by  the  carriage-house,  servants, 
etc.  Sometimes  the  upper  story  of  the  house  is 
made  to  project  considerably  and  is  supported 
on  arches,  thus  forming  the  “portales,”  so  that 
the  sidewalks  within  the  arches  are  protected 
from  sun  and  rain.  In  these  portales  are  found 
stands  with  every  variety  of  merchandise  sold 
by  the  Indians. 

48.  What  are  some  of  their  amusements  ? 

The  ordinary  conclusion  of  the  day  is  visiting 

the  theatre  or  the  opera.  Bull-fights,  cock¬ 
fights,  and  gambling  are  indulged  in  by  all. 

49.  Is  public  sentiment  at  all  aroused  against 
such  displays? 

Recently  bull-fights  have  been  prohibited  by 
law  within  the  limits  of  the  Capital  and  in  the 
State  of  Zacatecas.  Unfortunately  the  authori- 


21 


ties  have  not  been  rigid  in  the  enforcement  of 
this  law.  This  barbarous  spectacle  takes  place 
on  Sunday  afternoon,  when  the  immense  arenas 
are  crowded  with  thousands  of  men,  women  and 
children.  Five  bulls  are  slain  during  an  enter¬ 
tainment  ;  horses  and  men  not  infrequently  shar¬ 
ing  their  fate.  The  unfortunate  beast  is  brought 
from  the  darkness  of  his  pen  into  the  glaring 
sunlight  amid  the  sound  of  instruments  and 
shouts  of  the  multitude.  After  three  picadores 
on  horseback  with  long  lances,  six  matadores 
with  red  cloaks  and  small  lances  covered  with 
gilt  paper  01*  surrounded  with  fireworks  have 
exhausted  their  ingenuity  in  tormenting  him,  the 
chief  matador  steps  into  the  arena  and  plunges 
his  sword  into  the  heart  of  the  brave  beast,  to 
the  delight  of  the  spectators. 

50.  Is  gambling  much  indulged  in? 

The  poorer  classes  have  an  insatiable  passion 
for  it,  and  even  with  ladies  it  is  not  an  unusual 
pastime.  The  appeals  of  the  street  venders  of 
lottery  tickets  are  frequent  and  persistent. 

51.  Is  any  attention  given  to  education  in 
Mexico  ? 

Free  schools  are  established  in  every  parish, 
and  in  the  Capital  there  are  free  institutions  for 
learning  various  trades  and  professions,  but  at 
least  two-thirds  of  the  people  can  neither  read 
nor  write.  More  is  being  done  at  present  to 


oo 


promote  popular  education,  and  some  of  tlie 
States  are  anxious  to  devote  the  necessary  means 
for  this  purpose,  but  they  are  in  great  need  of 
trained  teachers  and  suitable  text-books  in  Span¬ 
ish,  the  language  spoken  throughout  the  country. 

52.  What  is  the  commercial  outlook  of 
Mexico  ? 

It  is  most  promising.  Heretofore  both  com¬ 
merce  and  manufactures  have  been  impeded  by 
the  want  of  means  for  transportation,  hut  the 
railroads  already  built,  and  many  now  in  pro¬ 
cess  of  construction,  will  hasten  progress  in 
this  direction.  In  1890  there  were  5600  miles  in 
operation. 

53.  What  are  the  prospects  of  Mexico  ? 

Under  the  blessings  of  peace  and  good  govern¬ 
ment,  the  country  may  become  a  strong  nation. 
The  majority  of  the  people  are  unenlightened 
and  degraded,  but  they  are  anxious  for  improve¬ 
ment.  The  history  of  Mexico  shows  that  her 
wars  and  revolutions  have  been  painful  steps  in 
her  march  towards  liberty.  How  her  triumph 
has  begun  and  new  life  is  entering  the  land. 

MISSIONS. 

54.  When  and  by  whom  were  the  beginnings 
of  Missionary  work  made? 

In  1850,  Miss  Melinda  Rankin  distributed 


23 


Bibles  in  Northern  Mexico.  In  1866  she  opened 
a  school  in  Monterey. 

55.  Who  was  the  first  Protestant  minister  to 
the  Mexicans  ? 

Rev.  Henry  C.  Riley,  of  the  Episcopal  Church, 
who  went  to  Mexico  in  1869,  at  the  request  of 
some  Christian  Mexicans  who  wanted  to  know 
more  about  the  truth. 

56.  When  and  where  did  the  Presbyterian 
Church  begin  work  in  Mexico  ? 

In  1872,  in  the  City  of  Mexico. 

57.  What  is  the  present  attitude  of  the  govern¬ 
ment  towards  Protestant  missions? 

The  government  seeks  to  fully  protect  the  liber¬ 
ties  of  the  people,  and  to  prevent  the  persecutions 
of  the  priests,  but  converts  often  have  to  suffer 
great  wTrong,  even  in  the  courts  of  law,  for  the 
sake  of  their  religion. 

58.  What  Protestant  Churches  are  now  estab¬ 
lished  in  the  City  of  Mexico  ? 

The  Presbyterian,  Methodist,  Episcopal  and 
Baptist. 

59.  How  many  societies  are  now  engaged  in 
mission  work  in  Mexico  ? 

Eleven  societies  with  469  congregations. 

60.  How  has  Presbyterian  work  prospered  in 
Mexico  ? 


24 


The  Presbyterian  mission  has  every  reason  for 
encouragement.  The  Board  of  Foreign  Missions 
reports  that  in  1894  there  were  ninety-three 
churches  ;  number  of  communicants,  4463  ;  1231 
pupils  are  gathered  in  our  schools.  The  board¬ 
ing  school  for  girls  in  the  City  of  Mexico  had  at 
the  end  of  the  year  85  boarding  scholars,  of 
whom  25  were  church  members.  The  Theolo¬ 
gical  Seminary  and  the  Press  are  doing  good 
work. 

61.  How  many  stations  has  the  Presbyterian 
Board  now  in  Mexico  ? 

There  are  seven  principal  stations.  That  of 
the  City  of  Mexico,  begun  in  1872.  Zacatecas, 
in  1873  ;  San  Luis  Potosi,  in  1878  ;  Saltillo,  in 
1884  ;  Tlaltenango,  Tlalpam,  and  Zitacuaro, 
1893.  At  Villa  de  Cos  in  the  State  of  Zacatecas 
there  was  missionary  work  carried  on  long 
before  its  connection  with  the  Board  of  Foreign 
Missions  of  any  church. 

62.  What  were  the  beginnings  of  the  work  in 
Zacatecas  ? 

Before  any  mission  was  begun,  the  labors 
of  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Prevost  were  greatly  blessed. 

63.  What  is  the  most  important  station  ? 

The  City  of  Mexico,  where  five  societies  are  at 
work.  The  Presbyterian  Church  has  seven  con¬ 
gregations,  all  under  the  charge  of  native 
preachers. 


25 


64.  What  are  some  of  the  encouraging  features 
of  the  work  in  Mexico  ? 

Christian  Endeavor  Societies  are  organized  in 
our  boarding  schools.  Many  graduates  from 
the  schools  are  now  teaching  school  during  the 
week  and  working  faithfully  in  church  and 
Sunday-school  on  Sunday.  Mr.  Morales,  a 
native  pastor,  is  visiting  hospitals,  jails,  and 
prisons  with  the  Bible,  besides  attending  to  his 
six  congregations.  In  one  jail  there  is  a  Sun¬ 
day-school  with  forty  members.  And  all  over 
the  country  our  missionaries  find  that  the  Bible 
is  doing  its  silent  work.  Its  distribution  has 
doubled  during  the  last  two  years. 

65.  What  is  the  great  need  of  the  Mexicans  ? 

Christian  teachers  and  preachers  who  know 

nothing  among  them,  save  Jesus  Christ  and 
Him  crucified,  and  schools  where  they  can  be 
educated. 

66.  What  of  the  importance  of  mission  work 
in  Mexico  ? 

Wherever  a  mission  has  been  established 
there  is  abundant  evidence  that  the  people  are 
seeking  the  way  of  life,  and  waiting  only  to  be 
taught.  They  are  indeed  “as  sheep  having  no 
shepherd.”  “The  harvest  truly  is  plenteous, 
but  the  laborers  are  few.  Pray  ye  therefore  the 
Lord  of  the  harvest  that  He  will  send  forth 
laborers  into  His  harvest.” 


26 


GUATEMALA. 


67.  Where  is  Guatemala  ? 

It  is  the  most  western  of  the  States  of  Central 
America.  Its  area  is  about  five  times  that  of 
New  Jersey. 

68.  Describe  the  country. 

On  the  Pacific  coast  there  is  a  strip  of  flat  land 
thirty  miles  wide.  Beyond  this  are  lofty  moun¬ 
tains,  many  of  them  active  or  extinct  volcanoes. 
Rivers  and  streams  are  numerous,  and  the 
scenery  is  both  grand  and  beautiful. 

69.  What  is  the  climate  ? 

The  climate  is  as  fine  as  the  scenery.  The 
first  of  January  is  like  June  in  New  York  State. 
There  is  a  rainy  season  from  May  to  October. 

70.  What  of  the  soil  ? 

It  is  so  fertile  that  in  many  localities  three 
crops  of  corn  are  raised  annually,  and  good 
crops  of  grass  are  gathered  every  few  weeks. 

71.  What  are  the  principal  products  ? 

The  staple  is  coffee,  though  sugar,  rice,  cotton 


27 


and  a  wild  kind  of  tobacco  are  raised,  and  some 
attention  is  given  to  the  cultivation  of  the  rubber 
plant. 

72.  What  is  the  population  of -Guatemala? 

About  one  million,  including  whites,  negroes 

and  Indians.  The  descendants  of  Spaniards  and 
Indians  are  called  Ladinos,  and  are  an  important 
class. 

73.  What  can  you  say  of  the  Indians? 

Away  from  the  cities  and  main  lines  of  travel 

are  still  found  remnants  of  the  aboriginal  inhabi¬ 
tants.  They  practice  their  mysterious  rites,  and 
offer  sacrifices  on  the  mountain  tops,  as  their 
fathers  did,  before  Columbus  discovered  America. 

74.  What  is  the  condition  of  the  people? 

In  the  cities  they  enjoy  most  of  the  blessings 
of  civilization.  Streets  are  paved  and  lighted. 
Good  order  is  maintained  by  a  fine  body  of 
police.  There  are  fine  public  buildings,  built 
broad  and  low,  that  they  may  withstand  earth¬ 
quakes. 

75.  What  is  the  prevailing  religion  ? 

The  Roman  Catholic.  This  was  introduced 
by  the  Spanish  conquerors,  and  is  almost  uni¬ 
versal,  but  so  little  confidence  is  felt  in  it  that 
the  educated  classes  are  drifting  into  all  forms  of 
infidelity,  and  the  people  in  general  have  no 
true  knowledge  of  what  Christianity  is. 


28 


76.  Are  there  no  Protestant  Missions? 

A  mission  was  organized  by  the  Presbyterian 
Church  in  1882,  and  four  missionaries  are  dili¬ 
gently  seeking  to  give  the  Scriptures  to  the 
people.  A  chapel  has  been  built,  and  regular 
services  are  held.  At  present  (1894)  there  are 
thirty-six  communicants  and  sixty  children  in 
Sunday-school. 

77.  What  of  Protestant  schools? 

A  school  for  hoys  has  been  established,  and 
has  about  forty-five  pupils. 

78.  How  does  the  Government  treat  our  Mis¬ 
sionaries  ? 

The  President  has  been  very  kind,  and  prom¬ 
ised  them  protection  in  their  work.  At  times 
the  Missionaries  make  visiting  tours  through  the 
country,  carrying  with  them  and  distributing 
Bibles  and  Tracts.  In  one  of  these  tours  Mr. 
Haymaker  walked  488  miles  among  the  moun¬ 
tain  villages  that  he  might  reach  the  people  who 
need  the  Gospel  most.  The  field  is  large  and 
easily  reached,  but  many  more  workers  are 
needed,  to  sow  the  good  seed  of  the  kingdom  of 
Jesus  Christ. 


29 


MEXICO  AND  GUATEMALA. 

The  Spanish  language  is  spoken  in  Mexico  and 
Guatemala.  ' 

With  the  exception  of  a  few  local  differences 
the  pronunciation  is  essentially  the  same  as  in 
Spain.  The  vowel  sounds  are  uniform. 

a,  as  in  far. 

e,  “ay  in  day. 

i,  “  ee  “  thee. 

o,  “  o  “  note. 

u,  “  oo  “  room. 

y,  “  ee  “  thee  (same  as  i). 

u  is  silent  after  q,  unless  marked  ii. 

The  consonants,  with  the  exception  of  c,  g,  j 
and  q,  have  nearly  the  same  sound  as  in  English. 

The  difference  between  b  and  v  is  very  slight, 
and  is  not  always  observed  ;  c  and  z  have  the 
sound  f,  s  ;  ch,  as  in  church  ;  g  before  e  and 
i,  has  somewhat  the  sound  of  the  German  ch  in 
buch  ;  j  is  like  g  ;  11  has  the  sound  of  y  in  yes  ; 
n  is  equal  to  n  followed  by  y. 

Two  rules  are  invariable  as  to  accent,  except 
when  a  written  accent  is  indicated  :  Words 
ending  in  a  vowel  or  diphthong  have  the  accent 
on  the  penultimate.  Words  ending  in  a  conso¬ 
nant  have  the  accent  on  the  last  syllable. 


30 


Geographical  Names. 


Guatemala. 

Antigua. 

Ciudad  Vieja. 
Guatemala. 
Quaquiniquilapa. 
Quezaltenango. 
San  Jose. 


Pronunciation. 
An-tee-gwa. 
Cee-oo-dad  Vee-ay-ha. 
Gwa-tay-ma-la. 
Kwa-kee-nee-kee-la-pa 
Ivay-sal-tay-nan-go. 
San  Ho-say. 


Mexico. 

Acapulco. 

Cardenas. 

Comalcaleo. 

Galera-de  Coapilla. 

Guerrero. 

Frontera. 

Jacala. 

Jalapa. 

Merida. 

Ozumba. 

Paraiso. 

San  Juan  Bautista. 

San  Luis  Potosi. 

San  Miguel  del  Mezquital. 

Saltillo. 

Tabasco. 

Tixtla. 

Tlalpam. 


A-ca-pool-co. 
Car-day-nas. 
Co-mal-cal-co. 
Ga-lay-ra-day  Co-a- 
pee-ya. 

Gay-ray-ro. 

Fron-tay-ra. 

Ha-ca-la. 

Ha-la-pa. 

May-ree-da. 

O-soom-ba. 

Pa-ray -ee-so. 

San  wan  Ba-oo-tee-sta. 
San  Loo-ees  Po-to-see. 
San  Mee-gayl  Mays- 
keetal. 

Sal-tee-yo. 

Ta-bas-co. 

Teesh-tla. 

Tlal-pam. 


31 


Mexico. 

Toluca. 


Pronunciation. 

To-loo-ca. 

Toos-pan. 

Vay-ra  Croos. 
Sa-ca-tay-cas. 
See-ma-pan. 
See-ta-coo-a-ro. 


Tuxpan. 


Vera  Cruz. 
Zacatecas. 
Zimapan. 
Ziiacuaro. 


Coins  and  their  Value. 

TJn  Peso  (Oon-Pay-so),  one  dollar. 

Pesila  (Pay-see-ta),  20  cents. 

Beal  (Ray-al),  12£  cents. 

Medio  (May-dee-o),  cents. 

Cuarlillo  (Coo-ar-tee-yo),  3^  cents. 

Tlaco  (Tlay-co),  1^  cents. 

Centavo  (Cayn-ta-vo),  1  cent. 

Weights  and  Measures. 

Arroba  (A-ro-ba),  25  pounds. 

Libra  (Lee-bra),  1  pound. 

Onza  (On-sa),  1  ounce. 

Cuartillo  (Coo-ar-tee-yo),  about  1  quart. 
Fanega  (Fa-nay-ga),  about  2  bushels. 
Carga  (Car-ga),  about  4  bushels  (a  load). 


Distance. 

Legua  (La-gwa),  a  league,  about  3  miles. 


Native  Words  Found  in  Missionary 
Literature. 


Aguacate. 

Agwa-ca-tay. 

A  fruit. 

Aguador. 

A-gwa-dor. 

Water  carrier. 

Ahuahuetes. 

A-wa-way-tes. 

Cypress  trees. 

Alameda. 

A-la-may-da. 

Public  garden 
or  park. 

Apartado. 

A-par-ta-do. 

Postofficebox. 

Atole. 

A-to-lay. 

Gruel  of  corn 
meal,  choco¬ 
late,  etc. 

Avenida. 

A-vay-nee-da. 

Avenue. 

Azotea. 

A-so-tay-a. 

Flat  paved 
roof. 

Galiente. 

Ka-lee-ayn-tay. 

Hot. 

(Jalzada. 

Kal-sa-da. 

Paved  road, 
gravel  walk, 
highway,  or 
avenue. 

Calle. 

Ca-yay  or  Cal- 
yay. 

Street. 

Chirimolla. 

Chee-ree-mo-ya. 

A  fruit. 

Cura. 

Coo-ra. 

Priest. 

Divino  Salvador 

.  Dee-vee-no  Sal- 
vay-dor. 

DivineSaviour 

El  Faro. 

Ayl  Fa-ro. 

“The  Light¬ 
house  ”  (re¬ 
ligious  news¬ 
paper). 

33 


Feria. 

Fay-ree-a. 

A  Fair. 

Fiesta. 

Fee-ay-sta. 

Feast  or  holy 
day. 

Fonda. 

Fon-da. 

Restaurant 

Fria. 

Free-a. 

Cold. 

Frijoles. 

Free-ho-lays. 

Beans. 

Hacendado. 

A-cayn-da-do. 

Owner  of  the 
hacienda. 

Hacienda. 

A-cee-ayn-da. 

A  large  farm. 

Jicaras. 

Hee-ca-ras. 

Bowls  made  of 
gourds  and 
painted. 

Lima. 

Lee-ma. 

Lemon. 

Limon. 

Lee-mon. 

Lime. 

Maguey. 

Ma-gay-ei. 

Century  plant. 

Manana. 

Man-ya-na. 

To-morrow. 

Mensajero. 

Men-sa-liay-ro. 

“Messenger  ” 

( religious 
newspaper). 

Mescal. 

Mays-cal. 

Distilled 

pulque. 

Mesones. 

May-sofi-es, 

Inns. 

Metate. 

May-ta-tay. 

A  stone  hand 
mill. 

Mozo. 

Mo-so. 

Servant. 

Ho  die  triste. 

No-chay  tree-stay.Sad  night. 

Orchata. 

Or-cha-ta. 

Summer 

di’ink. 

Para  Cristo. 

Pa-ra  Cree-sto. 

For  Christ. 

Paseo. 

Pa-say-o. 

Promenade. 

34 


Patio 


Plaza. 

Portales. 


Pulque. 


Bancheros. 

Rebozo. 


Sarape. 


Pa-tee-o. 


Pla-sa. 

Por-ta-les. 


Pool-cay. 

Ran-chay-ros. 

Ray-bo-so. 


Sa-ra-pay. 


Space  or  court 
yard,around 
which  the 
house  is 
built. 

Square  or  park 

A  projection 
of  the  house, 
forming  a 
covered  way 
over  the 
sidewalk 
and  sup¬ 
ported  by 
pillars. 

Drink  made 
from  cen¬ 
tury  plant. 

Farmers. 

Long  scarf, 
worn  by 
women 
about  the 
head  and 
shoulders. 

Blanket  with 
a  hole  in  the 
middle  to 
put  the  head 
through; 
worn  by 
men. 


35 


Sombrero. 
Templada. 
Tier  r  a. 

Tilma. 

Tortilla. 


Tuna. 

Volcdn. 


Som-bray-ro. 

Taym-piay-da. 

Tee-ay-rak. 

Teel-ma. 

Tor-tee-ya. 

Too-na. 

Vol-can. 


A  bat. 

Temperate. 

Country,  or 
region. 

A  man’s  outer 
garment. 

A  sort  of  pan¬ 
cake  of  corn 
meal  that 
partly  takes 
the  place  of 
bread. 

Fruit  of  the 
cactus. 

Volcano. 


Salutations. 

“Buenos  dias.”  “Boo-ay-nos dee-  “Good  morn- 
as.”  ing.” 

“B  u  e  n  a  s  tar-  “  Boo-a-nas  tar-  “Good  after- 
des.”  days.”  noon.” 

“B  uenas  no  -  “Boo-a-nas  no  -  “Goodnight.” 
dies .”  chay.” 

“  Que  le  vaya  “Cay  lay  va-ya  “May  it  be 
Ud  bien.”  oo-stayd  bee-  well  with 

ayn.”  you.” 

“May  you 
keep  well.” 


“  Que  no  tenga 
Ud  novedad.” 


36 


The  Mexicans  greet  each  other  with  a  bow, 
and  always  shake  hands  ;  even  when  shopping, 
they  shake  hands  with  the  clerks. 

St.  John  3d  chapter,  16th  verse. 

“  Porque  de  tal  manera  amo  Dios  al  mundo, 
que  haya  dado  a  su  Hijo  Unigenito,  para  que  todo 
aquel  que  en  El  creyere,  no  se  pierda,  mas  teriga 
vida  eterna.” 


QUESTION  BOOK  SERIES 


AFRICA. 

CHINA. 

CHINESE  IN  AMERICA. 

INDIA. 

JAPAN  AND  KOREA. 

MEXICO. 

NORTH  AMERICAN  INDIANS. 
PERSIA. 

SIAM  AND  LAOS. 

SOUTH  AMERICA. 

SYRIA. 


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“Over  Sea  and  Land.” 

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